Biofeedback
Biofeedback is a type of behavioural therapy that may be helpful for people who experience partial seizures or secondarily generalized seizures that begin with some kind of waring aura. Biofeedback (also called electroencephalograph biofeedback, or neurofeedback) is a technique in which people learn to control their own brain waves, and thus in theory learn to control their seizures. People with epilepsy have been found to show a decrease in 12-14 Hz (high frequency) rhythms and the presence of additional 4-8 Hz (low frequency) rhythms. The goal of this technique is to try and raise an individuals seizure threshold by increasing the activity of high frequency brain wave activity and suppressing the low frequency rhythms.
The procedure begins by attaching electrodes to the body with a special gel or paste. An EEG (electroencephalogram) gauges brain wave activity. Physiological information such as heart rate, skin temperature (indicating the flow of blood) and muscle tautness are also recorded. Initially, an individual's brain waves must be mapped and analyzed to find any deviations from the norm. Then, with the aid of a biofeedback practitioner, the patient concentrates on altering their brain wave activity. A biofeedback session may consist of the patient playing some kind of computer game while their brain waves are continuously monitored. Each time the patient's brain waves find their way into the optimal state set by the practitioner, the patient is rewarded with positive feedback (the patient may get extra points or win the game). After anywhere from five to fifety sessions, the brain seems able to find the optimal state on its own.
Over time, some people can learn mental techniques to regulate electrical activity in the brain and stop the seizure from spreading. It has been found that atonic (akinetic) and myoclonic seizures are the easiest to treat with sensory rhythm training. Reduction in seizure activity are reported in 50% of patients with intractable seizures (seizures resistant to medication). In addition, the technique may increase a person's self-esteem by giving them a sense of control over their epilepsy. Success is unpredictable, and may be linked to positive attitudes. The reduction of stress in everyday life has been one of the most beneficial aspects of biofeedback, and a decrease in stress also plays an important role in the reduction of seizures. Biofeedback has also helped people become aware of auras which may precede their seizures. This may allow people to abort seizures before they occur.
There are, however, a few drawbacks associated with this treatment. This therapy is less widely used than before, as it requires a lot of input from the therapist and much motivation and concentration on the part of the patient, to achieve results. It is also only thought to be helpful in people over the age of fourteen. As well, the treatment is very expensive. Training from a qualified biofeedback practitioner is essential to teach one how to maintain a particular state of brain activity.
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